Contains 11 accepted taxa overall.
Characteristics
Pines are immensely important for innumerable species of wildlife, and in many habitats pines are the dominant tree, especially in pyrogenic communities. Human uses include its pine bark (Duryea 2000), pine straw (Duryea 2000; Minogue et al. 2007), oleoresin (naval stores; Grissino-Mayer et al. 2001), and timber (Hall & Maxwell 1911). Oleoresin is rich in terpenes and can be separated into turpentine (volatile) and rosin. Oleoresin was historically tapped from living trees, but often now turpentine, rosins, and other products are refined from the processing of pulp or stumps (Gamble 1921; Howard & Westby 2013; Susaeta et al. 2014). The applications of pine terpenes are very diverse (Zinkel 1981; Rodrigues-Corrêa et al. 2012).
Classification
Citation
PINUS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000. 1753.
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TYPE: Pinus sylvestris Linnaeus Lectotypified by Britton & A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S., ed. 2. 1: 56. 1913.
Species
| Scientific Name | Common Name | Herbarium Specimens | Status | Photos |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pinus clausa | Sand Pine | |||
| Pinus echinata | Shortleaf Pine, Rosemary Pine, Yellow Pine | |||
| Pinus glabra | Spruce Pine, Walter's Pine | |||
| Pinus palustris | Longleaf Pine, Southern Pine | |||
| Pinus pungens | Table Mountain Pine, Bur Pine, Hickory Pine | |||
| Pinus rigida | Pitch Pine | |||
| Pinus serotina | Pocosin Pine, Pond Pine, Marsh Pine | |||
| Pinus strobus | Eastern White Pine | |||
| Pinus taeda | Loblolly Pine, Old Field Pine | |||
| Pinus thunbergii | Japanese Black Pine | |||
| Pinus virginiana | Virginia Pine, Scrub Pine, Jersey Pine |
Identification Key
1. Leaf sheath mostly 0.3-1 cm long; leaves usually in fascicles of 2; leaves mostly 5-11 cm long
2
1. Leaf sheath mostly 1-2.5 cm long; leaves in fascicles of 2-3; leaves mostly 12-45 cm long
4
2. Twigs roughened and cracking below leafy portion; bark plates often with evident dimple-like resin pockets
2. Twigs smooth below leafy portion; bark plates without dimple-like resin pockets
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3. Bark on upper part of trunk reddish to red-brown, platy; upper surface of female cone scale with dark red-brown, purple, or purple-gray border at the apex, sharply contrasting with the rest of the scale; female cone scale umbo usually with a strong prickle; of xeric habitats
3. Bark on upper part of trunk gray, generally smooth; upper surface of female cone scale with an inconspicuous light-colored band at the apex, not contrasting sharply with the rest of the scale; female cone scale umbo unarmed or with a weak prickle; mostly of mesic to hydric habitats
4. Leaves mostly under 20 cm long; male cones yellowish to brownish
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4. Leaves 15-45 cm long; male cones purplish
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5. Trunks commonly with adventitious shoots; female cones variably serotinous, long-persistent, nearly as wide as long; female cone scale umbo with short, weak prickle or none; adaxial surface of seed-cone scales with dark red-brown border distally; leaves drying light green
5. Trunks without adventitious shoots; female cones not serotinous, not persistent, ca. 1.5 times longer than broad; female cone scale umbo with a stout prickle; adaxial surface of seed-cone scales lacking dark border distally; leaves drying dark green
6. Leafy stems mostly >12 mm thick, with the leaf fascicles in dense pom-pom-like tufts; terminal buds ovoid, silvery white, 3-4 cm long; fascicles of 3 leaves; leaves 20-45 cm long; female cones 15-25 cm, apophyses dull
6. Leafy stems mostly <12.1 mm thick, with the leaf fascicles spicate and bottlebrush-like along the stem; terminal buds cylindric, silvery brown, 1.5-2 cm long; fascicles of 2-3 leaves; leaves mostly 15-20 cm long; female cones mostly 9-18 cm long, apophyses lustrous
7
7. Seedlings with slender stems and scattered buds; leaves in fascicles of 2s and 3s on same tree; 3-5 resin canals per needle; leaf hypoderm 2(3) cells thick; opened cones 10-15 cm long, usually with flattened bottom
7. Seedlings with thick shortened stems and clustered buds; leaves almost all in fascicles of 2s, or in 2s and 3s; 3-9 resin canals per needle; leaf hypoderm (2)3-4(5) cells thick; opened cones 8-13 cm long, usually with rounded bottom
Genus Synonyms
| Synonym | Full Citation | Basionym | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| No synonyms found. | |||